Complications of T1D: Eye problems

Learn about common eye problems in people living with type 1 diabetes.

Complications of T1D:

 

Having regular screenings and paying attention to any changes in your vision are important. This can help you catch problems early and avoid serious complications such as diabetic retinopathy, maculopathy, glaucoma and cataracts.

What are diabetic retinopathy, maculopathy, and other common eye problems?

Diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) happens when high blood glucose levels damage the blood vessels in your eyes, particularly in the retina. The retina needs a constant supply of blood, and damage to these vessels can lead to several stages of retinopathy:

  1. background retinopathy – tiny bulges in the blood vessels may bleed but usually don’t affect vision
  2. pre-proliferative retinopathy – blood vessel changes cause substantial bleeding into the eye
  3. proliferative retinopathy – scar tissue and new blood vessels develop in the retina, causing some vision loss.

Diabetic maculopathy

Also known as macular oedema, diabetic maculopathy is a type of retinopathy that affects the macula – the central part of the retina. Leaky or blocked blood vessels in the macula can cause poor central vision, while your peripheral vision remains normal. This condition can lead to permanent sight loss if left untreated.

Cataracts

Cataracts involve a thickening and clouding of the eye lens. This can lead to blurred vision or trouble seeing at night.

Glaucoma

Glaucoma causes increased pressure inside the eye, which can reduce blood flow to the retina and optic nerve. This can lead to vision loss if it’s not treated.

What are the symptoms?

You might not notice eye problems in the early stages, so annual eye screenings are important. It can help to also be aware of symptoms such as:

  • blurred vision
  • shapes floating in your vision (floaters)
  • sensitivity to light
  • gradual worsening vision
  • sudden vision loss
  • eye pain or redness
  • trouble seeing in the dark.

What treatments are available?

If your eye problems are caught early, managing your diabetes effectively can help prevent vision loss.

Advanced-stage treatments can include:

  • eye injections, which reduce swelling and prevent further blood vessel leakage
  • laser treatments to seal or destroy leaking blood vessels
  • eye surgery, in severe cases, to remove scar tissue or repair detached retinas.

How can I keep my eyes healthy?

You can reduce your risk of developing eye problems by:

  • keeping your blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol within target levels
  • attending all your screening appointments
  • taking your medications as prescribed
  • seeing your doctor if you notice any changes in your vision
  • maintaining a healthy lifestyle by not smoking, keeping a healthy weight, and exercising regularly.

Where to go for support

If you experience any symptoms of eye problems, contact your GP or healthcare team. They can help manage your condition, advise on treatment, and help prevent further damage.

Diabetes-related eye disease research

JDRF funds more than 50 active research projects across Australia to try to find better ways to prevent and treat T1D, including associated eye disease. The FAME1 Trial is testing the effectiveness of a drug called fenofibrate on the development of retinopathy, which aims to protect against eye damage in adults living with T1D.

Read about more T1D complications and how to prevent, recognise and treat them: